Development and evaluation of slow-release organomineral phosphate fertilizer based on coffee waste

Abstract

Slow-release fertilizers are sustainable alternatives to soil nutrition that can effectively enhance agricultural productivity. In this study, we formulated slow-release organomineral fertilizers using spent coffee grounds (SCG) impregnated with triple superphosphate (TSP). The effects of the composition of the fertilizer on pellet resistance and P release capacity were evaluated, along with heat treatment at different temperatures and times. The pellets with 10 g sugarcane molasses and 2.5 g TSP per gram of SCG, dried at 100 °C, presented the best mechanical resistance, releasing about 90% P in 13.8 h. The release kinetics of these pellets followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, controlled by Fickian diffusion. The fertilizer thermally treated at 400 °C for 30 min was classified as a slow-release fertilizer, as it released 90% P in 793.3 h. Thus, the partial carbonization of biomass promoted P adsorption to the surface of the porous matrix of the pellets, allowing the slow release of nutrients. Overall, we found that pelletized OMFs can be used as sustainable and inexpensive fertilizers derived from waste biomass; thus, their application can contribute to eco-friendly agricultural practices.